Contributions to debatesThe climate negotiations focus on five building blocks: shared vision, mitigation (divided between emissions reduction targets for developed countries and emissions limitation initiatives for developing countries), adaptation to climate change, financing and technology.For each of these subjects, IDDRI and its partners contribute to debates by analysing the issues and making proposals. SHARED VISION Emmanuel Guérin and Matthieu Wemaere, The Copenhagen Accord: What happened? Is it a good deal? Who wins and who loses? What is next?, Idées pour le débat, n° 08/09, Iddri, 2009 This article, released a few days after the end of COP15, is a first analysis of what has happened in Copenhagen. The two weeks of negotiations in Copenhagen (7-18 December 2009) have been full of twists and turns. The outcome of the first phase, when heads of delegations and Ministers had the leadership, is a set of draft decisions, heavily bracketed, and not recognized by all Parties – especially the US – as a basis for negotiations. It proves the difficulty – if not the impossibility – of making progress towards an agreement through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol (KP) process. The lack of clarity of the Bali Roadmap – setting a two-track process, one under the UNFCCC and one under the KP, but leaving open the form and legal nature of the final outcome – and the lack of skill of the Danish Presidency, did not help. The outcome of the second phase, when a small group – around 30 – heads of State took the lead, is a minimalist agreement, disappointing in substance, and hectic in process. It proves that the pileup of countries redlines did not leave room for an ambitious agreement: the agreement found is somehow the lowest common denominator. This is not the deal we hoped, but given the context, and especially given the perception that States had of their own national interests, this was probably the best possible deal. [Download] CIRED, ENERDATA, LEPII, collabs. (2008), Scenarios for transition towards a low-carbon world in 2050: What's at stake for heavy industries?, Fondation pour le développement durable et les relations internationales Launched in 2004, the study "Scenarios for transition towards a low-carbon world in 2050: What’s at stake for heavy industries?" explores how major industrial sectors will be impacted by a carbon constraint stabilizing atmospheric CO2 concentration at 450 ppm. By means of an innovative hybrid modelling platform and ongoing dialogue between researchers and industrials, the study produces conclusions concerning both general climate policy as well as the economic response of industrial sectors—specifically of the steel, aluminium, cement, and sheet glass sectors, as well as of the energy sector. [Download] Emmanuel Guérin, Quick Overview of the General State of Play of UNFCC Negotiations after Poznan, Synthèses, n°09/08, Iddri, 2008 Very few concrete results were expected to come out of Poznan, given the intermediary nature of this Conference (a year after Bali, and a year before the final deal in Copenhagen), and given the political context in the United States (the current Bush administration was still at the negotiating table, but with no mandate to negotiate). The cornerstone of Poznan was to find an agreement on the 2009 work programme, especially on two issues: the mandate given to the incoming AWG-LCA Chair, Mr. Michael Zammit Cutajar (Malta), to write his two first negotiating texts, and the possibility to organise an additional session. Agreement on these two issues was found quite easily during informal consultations. In fact, one might even argue that agreement on these issues was found too quickly, leaving Ministers with nothing to negotiate, except for two very tricky issues: the share of proceeds and the Adaptation Fund. Nevertheless this agreement, especially on the two first negotiating texts, successfully paves the way for the entrance of the Parties into full negotiating mode in 2009. In that document, Emmanuel Guérin proposes an overview of these main issues. [Download] Shoibal Chakravarty, Ananth Chikkatur, Heleen de Coninck, Steve Pacala, Robert Socolow, Massimo Tavoni, Sharing global CO2 emission reductions among one billion high emitters, PNAS, 2009 With the goal of triangulating the global debate over future CO2 emissions, a recent paper proposes a new way of sharing CO2 emissions that combines the South's demand for fairness-driven allocation and the North's demand for inclusivity. In this scheme "common but differentiated responsibilities" refers to individuals rather than nations. High CO2 emitting individuals are treated the same, wherever they live, and a global target translates into a universal ceiling on individual emissions. Adding the task of meeting Millennium Development Goals with neutrality toward fossil fuels (use them if they're cheaper) requires minimal additional climate change mitigation. [Download] RETURN TO TOP MITIGATION Emmanuel Guérin et Michel Colombier, Developed Countries 2020 Pledges Fall Short of IPCC Target: What can we do?, Synthèses, n° 05/09, Iddri, 2009 According to the IPCC, developed countries need to reduce their emissions by -25 to -40% in 2020 compared to 1990 levels to have approximately a 50% chance to limit the temperature increase to 2°C above preindustrial levels. While their 2020 pledges fall short of this target, this paper envisages four — and non exclusive —, including the potential contribution of methane emission reductions. [Download] On this subject, see the related articles: Current climate policies underestimate the potential contribution of methane emission reductions Emergency care for the climate: reducing methane emissions Sophie Galharret, Climate and Energy Package: Would too many offsets hollow out the EU Package?, Analyses, n° 02/09, Iddri, 2009 The Climate and Energy Package is the cornerstone of European climate policy for the post-2012 period. The provisions of the Package should enable the implementation of the 20-20-20 targets by 2020, in other words a 20% reduction in emissions, 20% renewable energy in final consumption and a 20% improvement in energy efficiency, with a view to creating the conditions for meeting the ambitious longerterm target proposed by the EU. But the quantified targets Europe adopted in its Package are not enough in themselves to conclude that European decisions will enable it to achieve its ambitions for 2050. Indeed, this article takes the necessary closer look at the scope of the different provisions already in place along with those that will be determined by 2012 and, in particular, the implications of European choices in terms of offsets, in other words the share of the European emissions reduction target that will be met through emissions reductions made in developing countries. [Download] Sophie Galharret, Virginie Marchal, Understanding the new US climate change strategy. The Waxman-Markey bill at a glance, Synthèses, n° 03/09, Iddri, 2009 On June 26th 2009, the US House of Representatives passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES), authored by Henry Waxman and Edward Markey. The bill is a comprehensive energy legislation that presents a cap and trade scheme regulating US Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, and a set of federal measures that aims at transforming the US traditional fossil fuel-based economy into a cleaner economy, based on renewable energy and low carbon alternatives. This brief provides an overview of the bill mechanisms and its implications at the national and international levels. It highlights the key uncertainties surrounding its institutional adoption and operational implementation. It also emphasizes its main differences with the European approach on cap and trade, the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), as well as examines its international implications on carbon markets and negotiations. [Download] Sophie Galharret, Paquet Climat Énergie : usage et impact des offsets dans l'Union européenne, Synthèses, n° 02/09, Iddri, 2009 Le « paquet Climat Énergie » adopté en décembre 2008 contribue à l’architecture de la politique climatique européenne pour l’après-2012. Il comprend cinq directives ou propositions de texte pour parvenir à une diminution de 20 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) par rapport à 1990 dans l’UE d’ici 2020 et à une part de 20 % d’énergie produite à partir de sources renouvelables dans la consommation énergétique finale. Les textes du Paquet régissent notamment l’usage, pour l’après-2012, des crédits issus des mécanismes de flexibilité établis dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto. Cette synthèse vise à clarifier les dispositions en vigueur en Europe sur la quantité d’offsets autorisés sur la période 2008-2020 ainsi que les implications sur le niveau d’effort de réduction de l’Europe par rapport à une trajectoire unilatérale de décarbonation de l’économie à l’horizon 2020. [Download] Colombier, M. et Guérin, E., Sectoral Agreements, Breaking the Climate Deadlock, Briefing Papers, 2008 This briefing paper was commissioned by the Office of Tony Blair and The Climate Group to support the first Breaking the Climate Deadlock Report – ‘A Global Deal for Our Low Carbon Future’ – launched in Tokyo on June 27th 2008. Its purpose is to inform the ongoing initiative itself and provide detailed but accessible overviews of the main issues and themes underpinning negotiations towards a comprehensive post-2012 international climate change agreement. It is an important and accessible resource for political and business leaders, climate change professionals, and anyone wanting to understand more fully, the key issues shaping the international climate change debate today. [Download] Romain Pirard, The fight against deforestation (REDD. Economic implications of market-based funding, Idées pour le débat, n° 20/08, Iddri, 2008 In the context of the 14th Conference of the Parties to be held in Poznan in December 2008, this paper discusses the REDD mechanism (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) which is currently under negotiation. As the role of the market is a central element in these discussions, the author explains the terms of the debate in order to enable a better understanding of the issues at stake in the upcoming decision-making process. [Download] Cyril Loisel, Climate Change Mitigation in the Forest Sector: What Happened in Poznan, Synthèses n°10/08, Iddri, 2008 Climate change mitigation in the forestry sector was an important topic during the recent Climate Convention conference in Poznan (1-12 December 2008). Forests appeared in various agenda items of the formal negotiations. This note of Cyril Loisel recalls what happened under these agenda items and also on the margins of formal negotiations in relation to climate change mitigation in the forest sector. [Download] Michel Colombier, Emmanuel Guérin, Cyril Loisel, Romain Riollet, Matthieu Wemaere, Passage de 20% à 30% de réduction des émissions de GES en cas d'accord international. Conséquences pour le secteur SCEQE, Synthèses n°05/08, Iddri, 2008 Ce policy brief réalise un état des lieux des négociations et la position européenne, à travers le paquet « Climat et Energie », sur le passage de 20 % à 30 % de réduction des émissions de GES en cas d'accord international. Il analyse enfin les conséquences pour le système d’échange de quotas d’émission. [Download] Carine Barbier, Climate change and residential sector growth in emerging countries, Synthèses n°02/08, Iddri, 2008 In December 2007 in Bali, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted a programme of discussions with a view to defining an international climate change mitigation regime for the “post-2012” period. The debates focus on commitments by emerging countries, which are currently responsible for most of the growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, industrialised countries clearly have a major role to play in climate change mitigation. The continuous increase in CO2 emissions in emerging countries, especially in high inertia sectors such as transport infrastructure and building, stand to call into question the international community’s ability to meet the climate change challenge. The current phase of development in emerging countries is a major opportunity for building low-carbon economies. To do so, development priorities must be reconciled with climate concerns. [Download] Carine Barbier, Ritu Mathur, Opportunities for an India- European Union Partnership on Energy and Climate Security, Idées pour le débat n°13/08, Iddri, 2008 This document aims to provide input for the 12th meeting of the EU-India civil society round table, taking place in Paris on 15 and 16 July 2008, on climate change issues. This study has received the financial support from European Economic and Social Committee. [Download] Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff, Laura Ximena Rubio Alvarado, Why are we seeing Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation?, Analyses, n°01/08, Iddri, 2008 Based on the main country proposals, this paper examines the current debate on REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation) and discusses some of the main remaining controversies within the debate, notably the REDD financing mechanism (mandatory markets versus voluntary funds) and the institutional framework for REDD (inside or outside the post-2012 Kyoto regime). In doing so, this paper contributes to an improved understanding of the scientific, economic and political aspects associated with the debate, few weeks before the COP-13, taking place in Bali in December 2007. [Download] RETURN TO TOP ADAPTATION François Gemenne, Equity in Adaptation to Climate Change, Synthèses, n° 06/09, Iddri, 2009 It took a very long time for adaptation to be acknowledged as a key aspect of the fight against global warming. Funding mechanisms were long overdue when they were finally implemented, and remain heavily discussed. A sufficient amount of funding for adaptation appears today as the sine qua non condition for the participation of developing countries to a global deal on climate. This amount has been estimated at US$ 100 billion at least on a yearly basis, including support for mitigation efforts. However, though equity concerns have been placed at the core of the negotiation on mitigation efforts, they have been little addressed in the discussions on adaptation. As a result of this, the criteria that will be used to allocate the adaptation funding remain unclear and vague, which could be detrimental for the negotiation process as a whole. This paper aims to offer a new perspective on this issue, departing from the traditional perspective inspired by retributive justice. [Download] Benjamin Garnaud, The issues of adaptation in Copenhagen, Synthèses, n° 04/09, Iddri, 2009 Adaptation to climate change has rapidly grown in importance in climate negotiations and will probably be one of the achievable points of agreement in Copenhagen in December. But progressing from an agreement on adaptation to genuine implementation will take a long time and will require dealing with new theoretical issues, from which a new conception of international cooperation shall inevitably arise. While climate negotiations are ongoing in Copenhagen (COP15, 7-18 December 2009), Benjamin Garnaud describes the position of adaptation within the discussions. He sets current discussions in their true context, then explain the various objects negotiated within the pillar of adaptation. He then presents the positions and negotiating strategies of the various protagonists, before summarizing what can be expected from Copenhagen. [Download] Benjamin Garnaud, An Analysis of Adaptation Negotiations in Poznan, Synthèses, n° 01/09, Iddri, 2009 Hastily presented as one of the major accomplishments of the 14th United Nations Conference on Climate Change in Poznan , discussions on adaptation actually need careful analysis. With respect to the historical treatment of adaptation, which has been quite light before COP 13 in Bali (2007), the vogue for adaptation may be good news. However, all the difficulty now lies in translating the semantic success and political momentum into operational outcomes. As the following critical synthesis shows, Poznan can hardly be considered as a major breakthrough in that regard although some significant steps forward have been made. [Download] Billé, R., Garnaud, B., Gemenne F., Hallegatte, S., Magnan, A., The Future of the Mediterranean: From Impacts of Climate Change to Adaptation Issues, 2009 This summary report has been produced at the request of the Sustainable Development General Commission (CGDD) of the French Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Territorial Development (MEEDDAT). It also received the support of the European Commission (DG Research, Circe project – “Climate change and impact research: the Mediterranean environment”, FP 6) and the Région Ile de France (R2DS project). Drafted by IDDRI, in collaboration with CIRED, this document provides up-to-date information on conceivable climate trends and on their potential impact on natural resources and the different major sectors of activity for the Mediterranean. Principles and recommendations are also put forward to guide the design and implementation of adaptation strategies, at different levels and in different fields. [Download] Hallegatte, S., A note on including climate change adaptation in an international scheme, Idées pour le débat, n° 18/08, 2008 This note contributes to IDDRI’s support to Michael Zammit Cutajar, Vice-chair of the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Long Term Cooperative Action under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). This note supports the view that an international scheme designed to help developing countries adapt is necessary, but that, in the near future, using a too strict definition of adaptation would not allow the funding of the most useful projects. The most efficient projects to reduce climate vulnerability, indeed, have often development-related benefits that are large enough to justify their implementation even in absence of climate change. There are not, therefore, adaptation projects in the strictest sense, but they may be the most able to reduce future impacts of climate change. These projects, in spite of their benefits, are not always implemented because of insufficient funding. An international support to adaptation should make these investments possible, thereby reducing future climate vulnerability. [Download] Anita Drouet, Financer l’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Ce que prévoit la convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, Étude Climat n° 17, Caisse des dépôts, avril 2009 Cette étude de la mission climat brosse un panorama du financement de l’adaptation au sein de la CCNUCC : contexte, besoins, état des lieux et perspectives. Il offre un point de vue neutre et factuel sur une question centrale de la négociation climat sur l’adaptation. [Download] Achala Chandani, Sven Harmeling and Alpha Oumar Kaioga, The Adaptation Fund: a model for the future?, IIED Briefing Papers, 2009 Ce court papier dresse un portrait du Fonds d’Adaptation, depuis sa difficile et lente création aux défis actuels d’opérationnalisation. Prenant acte des innovations du Fonds en termes de gouvernance, il pose la question de son avenir et de son impact sur la future architecture financière pour le climat. [Download] Martin Parry, Nigel Arnell, Pam Berry, David Dodman, Samuel Fankhauser, Chris Hope, Sari Kovats, Robert Nicholls, David Sattherwaite, Richard Tiffin and Tim Wheeler, Assessing the costs of adaptation to climate change. A review of the UNFCCC and other recent estimates, International Institute for Environment and Development and Grantham Institute for Climate Change, 2009 Cette étude est la dernière analyse d’envergure des coûts de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Si elle se charge d’illustrer les incertitudes liées aux méthodologies utilisées dans les précédentes, sa méthodologie n’en est pas moins critiquable et elle donne un bon aperçu des limites de ces évaluations globales. Qui n’en serviront pas moins de références pour les négociations sur le montant des besoins de financement… [Download] Roperto Repetto, The climate crisis and the adaptation myth, Yale School of Forestry & International Studies, Working Paper Number 13, 2008 Un papier édifiant qui met à mal la croyance en une adaptation naturelle et automatique, « comme on a toujours fait ». Il souligne les nombreux obstacles auxquels les acteurs font face pour s’adapter et le besoin d’un leadership et d’une coordination pour transformer une capacité à s’adapter en réalité. [Download] RETURN TO TOP TECHNOLOGY Calas G., Galharret S., Loisel, C., Carbon Capture and Storage: From Demonstration to Deployment, Idées pour le débat, n° 03/09, Iddri, 2009 Le 5 février 2009, l’ambassade du Royaume-Uni à Paris et l’Iddri ont organisé un atelier afin de faire le point sur les obstacles majeurs à la démonstration et au déploiement de la technologie de captage et de stockage du carbone (CSC). Cette publication propose une synthèse des discussions, en contextualisant et en éclairant les problématiques mises à jour lors de l’atelier ainsi que les principales conclusions et recommandations. [Download] Colombier, M., Guérin E., Loisel C., Wemaere, M., Paquet « Énergie et Climat » : capture et stockage du CO2, Synthèses, n° 06/08, Iddri, 2008 Ce policy brief présente les grands enjeux liés à la capture, au transport et au stockage par injection en profondeur du dioxyde de carbone, les propositions du paquet UE « Climat Énergie » en la matière, ainsi que les points de discussion et de négociation. [Download] Mindjid Maizia, Pompes à chaleur et habitat. Prospective des consommations d'énergie et des émissions de CO2 dans l'habitat : les gisements offerts par les pompes à chaleur, Les Cahiers du CLIP, n° 18, Iddri, 2007 Depuis dix ans, le taux de croissance du marché des pompes à chaleur en Europe est spectaculaire : les ventes ont été multipliées par six. Selon une méthodologie similaire aux précédentes études réalisées dans le cadre du CLIP sur le solaire thermique ou la cogénération de faible puissance notamment, cette étude se propose d'évaluer l'impact sur les consommations d'énergie et les émissions de gaz carbonique d'une pénétration massive des différentes technologies de pompes à chaleur dans le parc français de logements neufs et existants à l'horizon 2050. Plusieurs scénarios sont explorés selon l'équipement en pompes à chaleur de différents segments du parc, en complément ou non d'une réhabilitation du parc ancien. [Download] Shane Tomlinson, Pelin Zorlu and Claire Langley, Innovation and Technology Transfer: Framework for a Global Climate Deal, E3G Report, 2008 [Download] Breaking the Climate Deadlock, Technology for a low carbon future, The Climate Group, 2009 [Download] RETURN TO TOP FINANCE Fankhauser, S., Guérin, E., Hourcade, J.-C., Jackson, H., Neuhoff, K., Rajan, R., Ward J., Structuring International Financial Support to Support Domestic Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Countries, Climate Strategies, 2009 This paper is part of the project International Support for Domestic Action (ISDA). Case studies from five developing countries assess the barriers and drivers of actions that shift individual sectors onto low-carbon growth paths. Five cross-cutting papers then explore how international financial mechanisms, technology cooperation, intellectual property aspects, and suitable monitoring and reporting arrangements can enhance the scale, scope and speed of their implementation. The project is coordinated by Karsten Neuhoff (University of Cambridge). [Download] Cyril Loisel, Linkage between forest-based mitigation and GHG markets, Idées pour le débat, n°19/08, Iddri, 2008 This document aims to provide input for the workshop on Linkage between forest-based mitigation and GHG markets, organized by IDDRI, taking place in Paris on 27 and 28 October 2008. This background paper intends to provide a rapid initial overview on three aspects of the linkage between forest-based mitigation and emission trading schemes: the quantification of funding requirements for REDD+ actions; fund- raising on taxpayers and consumers in advanced economies; mechanisms to transfer funds to support REDD+ strategies in participant countries. [Download] RETURN TO TOP CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES Matthieu Wemaere, Post-2012 Climate Change Agreement: Why MRV is important, Idées pour le débat, n° 07/09, Iddri, 2009 Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) refers to a set of processes and procedures through which factual information is provided, assessed and checked to determine whether, when and how Parties effectively meet their respective obligations. As such, MRV can play a key role in building trust among Parties and instill confidence in the post 2012 international climate regime. [Download] Li, J., Colombier, M., Barbier, C., Shaping Climate Policy in Urban Infrastructure: an Insight into the Building Sector in China, Analyses, n° 03/09, Iddri, 2009 China is playing an increasingly crucial role in the global effort to combat climate change due to its sheer size and strong economic growth, which is primarily fuelled by coal. While the trajectories pursued by China in the coming decades will have tremendous implications for global climate stabilisation, this paper attempts to address the question of the relationship between the capital investment decisions that enhance building energy efficiency (BEE) today and the subsequent creation of financial capacity to make it possible to scale up climate-friendly energy supply technologies tomorrow. This analysis shows how the shrewd allocation of financial resources can positively influence policies related to tackling climate change by managing the quality of developed urban infrastructure.Its main purpose is to demonstrate the existence of a least-cost trajectory for energy performance improvement strategies in buildings in the context of extremely rapid urbanisation in China. In addition, it seeks to identify appropriate policy and economic instruments allowing cities to approach the optimal pathways of energy efficiency policy development. Based on a scenario analysis of the energy, environmental and economic consequences of different building efficiencyimplementation pathways, depending on the decisions made today, we demonstrate that maintaining the current BEE standards is not a rational decision from either an economic or an environmental perspective; more stringent efficiency requirements are needed to minimise the costs of the trajectory. [Download] Lefèvre, B., Wemaere, M., Post-2012 Climate Change Agreement: Fitting Commitments by Cities, Idées pour le débat, n° 02/09, Iddri, 2009 This article has been written within the framework of “EU and Global Climate Change Policy and the Increasing Role of Cities” CEPS Task Force, chaired by Laurence Tubiana (Iddri, Sciences Po). The objective is to offer a framework to consider “How commitments by cities can fit into a post-2012 climate change agreement?” The paper identifies key elements that need to be taken into account when developing a roadmap that seeks empowerment of local governments in the UN post-2012 framework on climate change. Four aspects of this question are explored: political, economic, technical and legal. The main issues to be addressed regarding each of these four aspects are highlighted. [Download] Tubiana, L., Wemaere, M., Le Plan d'Action de Bali : une première étape vers un accord global sur le climat ?, Idées pour le débat n° 11/07, Iddri, 2007 Le plan d’action adopté à Bali est salué comme une avancée importante par les gouvernements qui y ont participé comme par une grande partie de la presse internationale. Le sentiment qui transparaît est celui d’avoir échappé au pire. Après deux ans d’intense mobilisation des gouvernements européens, des scientifiques et de personnalités politiques, ainsi que l’implication du secrétaire général des Nations unies et la remise du Nobel de la paix, un échec constituait un risque politique majeur. Le risque politique a été évité, mais le risque climatique lui reste entier car toutes les lectures du plan d’action de Bali sont possibles et laissent ouvertes les questions majeures. Cet article présente les principales conclusions et avancées de la conférence sur les changements climatiques (COP13/MOP3) ayant eu lieu à Bali du 1er au 15 décembre 2007 et à laquelle ont participé les auteurs. [Download] Sandrine Maljean-Dubois, Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change. Challenges for the International Monitoring of Compliance, Synthèses, n° 01/07, Iddri, 2007 This document presents the conclusions of the collective, multi-disciplinary research carried out over two years at the CERIC, in which IDDRI took part. It provides an analysis of the compliance procedure from a mainly legal viewpoint, but enhanced with economic and political input. The detailed results of this project were presented during the workshop on "The effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol on Greenhouse Gases'" organized by the CERIC in cooperation with IDDRI and the Chaire Développement Durable de Sciences Po, with the support of ADEME. These results are also the subject of a book, "Changements climatiques, les enjeux du contrôle international", published by La Documentation Française. [Download] Bernice Lee, Antony Froggatt et al, Changing Climates: Interdependencies on Energy and Climate Security for China and Europe, Chatham House Report, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2007 [Download] RETURN TO TOP |
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